Locoregional Anesthesia Due to Tumescence in Bilateral Total Mastectomy of Goats

Background: Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland or udder, regardless of its origin, severity, or evolution. Bilateral total mastectomy is indicated in cases of chronic suppurative mastitis, gangrenous mastitis, udder neoplasm or hyperplasia. For mastectomy, the supine position is recommended and, as it is a long-term procedure, general anesthesia was chosen together with the tumescence technique with the objective of transanesthetic and postoperative analgesia. The present report aims to report the general anesthesia protocol used for 2 goats submitted to bilateral total mastectomy associated with a locoregional block by tumescence, a technique not described in the goat species. Cases: Two female goats, mixed breed, approximately 3 years old, were admitted to the Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais (HVGA) of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), with a history of recurrent mastitis. There was an increase in udder volume and the presence of purulent secretion during milking. One of the animals had given birth about 20 days ago. Surgical treatment through bilateral total mastectomy was recommended for both animals, as they did not present a satisfactory response to antimicrobial therapy, excessive enlargement and functional loss of the mammary system. For the procedure, food fasting for 48 h and water fasting for 24 h was established. The anesthetic protocols used consisted of previous sedation with xylazine¹ [Xilazin® - 0.05 mg/kg, IM] anesthetic induction with ketamine² [Ketalex® - 10 mg/kg, IV] and midazolam³ [Dormire® - 0.1 mg/kg, IV]. Orotracheal intubation and connection to the anesthetic circuit were performed for maintenance through inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane4 (Forane®) and oxygen therapy. Then, in bottle of lactated ringer's solution5 [Linhamax® - 500 mL], lidocaine 2%6 without vasoconstrictor [Lidovet® - 40 mL] and adrenaline7 [Adren® - 25 mg/mL, 0.5 mL] were added, 10 mL/kg of the solution were injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the region of the mammary chains utilizing a Klein cannula after local antisepsis. After the administration of the tumescent solution, it was observed that the area involved is presented with the formation of a gel and there is minimal bleeding, compared to the conventional technique. The animals were monitored for the degree of analgesia, recording vital signs every 15 min at the end of the surgery, dipyrone9 [D-500® - 25 mg/kg, IV], morphine7 [Sulfato de Morfina® - 0.1 mg/kg, SC], and meloxicam10 [Maxican® 0.5 mg/kg, IM, 3 consecutive days] for postoperative analgesia. Additionally, tetanus serum1 [Vencosat® - 50,000 IU, single dose] and of oxytetracycline¹ [Oxitetraciclina LA® - 10 mg/kg, IM, 5 applications on alternate days)]. In the following 24 h, no signs of pain were observed on palpation of the surgical wound in the animals, but goat 1 was apathetic and inappetent, with improvement in the clinical picture only 48 h after surgery. Discussion: The choice of the surgical procedure resulted in an improvement in the clinical conditions of the animals and the anesthetic protocol using inhalation anesthesia and locoregional block (tumescence) proved to be efficient to perform in goats, contributing to transanesthetic and postoperative analgesia, being easily applied to ruminants that need surgical interventions in the region of mammary chains. Keywords: ruminant, mastectomy, local anesthetic, locoregional block.RESUMO Backgrund: Mastite é a inflamação da glândula mamária ou úbe, independentemente de sua origem, severidade ou evolução. A mastectomia total bilateral é indicada em casos de mastite supurativa, mastite gangrenosa crônica, neoplasias ou úbere, é considerada um procedimento seguro, com complicações e eficaz em ruminantes. Para a mastectomia é preconizado o decúbito dorsal e por ser um procedimento de longa duração optou-se pela anestesia geral de forma conjunta a técnica de tumescência com objetivo de analgesia transanestésica e pós-operatória. O presente relator o protocolo de geral utilizado para dois caprinos especificados a mastectomia total bilateral associado a bloqueio locorregional por tumescência, técnica não objetivo descrito na espécie caprina. Caso:Duas fêmeas caprinas, sem raça definida, e aproximadamente 3 anos de idade deram entrada no Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (HVGA/UFRRJ), com o histórico de mastite recorrente. Verificou-se aumento de volume do úbere e presença de secreção purulenta durante a ordenha. Um dos animais havia parido há cerca de 20 dias. Preconizou-se o tratamento cirúrgico através da mastectomia total bilateral para ambos animais, por não apresentarem resposta satisfatória a antibioticoterapia, aumento excessivo e perda funcional do aparelho mamário. Para o procedimento foi estabelecido jejum alimentar de 48 horas e hídrico de 24 horas. Os protocolos anestésicos utilizados consistiram em sedação prévia com 0,05 mg/kg de xilazina 2% pela via intramuscular, indução anestésica com 10 mg/kg de cetamina e 0,1 mg/kg de midazolam ambos por via intravenosa. Realizou-se a intubação orotraqueal e conexão ao circuito anestésico para manutenção através de anestesia inalatória com isoflurano e oxigenioterapia. Em seguida em um frasco de solução ringer com lactato de 500 ml, acrescentou-se 40 ml de lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor e 0,5 ml de adrenalina 0,25mg/ml, 10 ml/kg da solução foram injetados no tecido subcutâneo da região das cadeias mamárias por meio de uma cânula de Klein após devida antissepsia local. Após a administração da solução tumescente observa-se que a área abrangida se apresenta com a formação de um gel e há ocorrência de sangramento mínimo, comparada com a técnica convencional. Os animais foram monitorados quanto ao grau de analgesia com registro dos sinais vitais a cada 15 minutos, ao término da cirurgia administrou-se 25mg/kg de dipirona, 0,1 mg/kg de morfina e 0,5 mg/kg de meloxicam para analgesia pós-operatória. Adicionalmente foi administrado 50.000 U.I. de soro antitetânico (dose única) e 10 mg/kg de oxitetraciclina, ambos por via intramuscular. Nas 24 horas seguintes não foram observados sinais dor à palpação da ferida cirúrgica nos animais, porém o caprino 1 apresentou-se apático e inapetente, com melhora no quadro clínico somente com 48 horas após a cirurgia. Discussion: A escolha da conduta cirúrgica resultou na melhora das condições clínicas dos animais e o protocolo anestésico utilizando a anestesia inalatória e o bloqueio locorregional (tumescência) mostrou-se eficiente para a realização na espécie caprina, contribuindo para a analgesia transanestésica e pós-operatória, sendo facilmente aplicado para ruminantes que necessitem de intervenções cirúrgicas em região de cadeias mamárias

Partial Penectomy in a Horse with Paraphimosis

Background: In horses, an increase in the volume of penis and foreskin can be caused by trauma. The resultant edema interferes with the retraction of the penis and cause paraphimosis. Surgical intervention through penectomy is indicated in cases wherein an alternative treatment is not feasible. Partial penectomy can prolong the life and reproductive function of many stallions. The present study aims to report on the methodological, functional, and economic feasibility of a successful case of the use of Williams technique for partial penectomy performed in the field in a horse with paraphimosis, preserving urinary, productive, and reproductive functions.Case: A 10-year-old horse weighing 500 kg had clinical signs of paraphimosis due to the formation of granulomatous tissue following trauma to the glans region. A surgical intervention, namely a partial penectomy was decided to be performed to prevent injury from priapism. Due to the limited resources provided by the owner and the impossibility of moving the animal to a surgical center in a veterinary hospital, the procedure was performed in the field, with prior sanitization and preparation of the environment used to perform surgery. The horse was tranquilized with intravenous xylazine hydrochloride and acepromazine, with subsequent induction of anesthesia with ready-to-use (RTU) guaifenesin bolus and maintenance of anesthesia with an intravenous association of RTU guaifenesin, xylazine hydrochloride, and ketamine. The distal third of the penis was amputated using the recommended Williams technique. Although the complications like dehiscence and emergence of granulation tissue occurred after surgery, these were controlled in the daily follow-up of the animal and post-surgical treatment.Discussion:Paraphimosis predisposed the horse to abrasions and edema of the exposed portion of the penis. However, there was no urine retention, which suggested that the urethral ostium and the urethra had no lesions. Because the granulomatous lesions were located in the distal third of the penis and the extent of penile exposure was small, the partial penectomy technique proved effective in solving the permanent exposure of the penis. The anesthetic protocol used was inexpensive, easy to execute, and effective, and no anesthetic complications occurred, proving this protocol to be efficient for the anesthetic induction of animals in the field.In addition to being reliable and widespread, the Williams technique was recommended to prevent possible urethral stenosis and the development of contact dermatitis by urine. This technique makes a rapid recovery of the animal possible, with improvement of its physiological parameters, and due to ease of being able to be done in the field, it is also inexpensive. The edema and the granulation tissue that occurred after surgery were controlled with medication. In general, post-penectomy animals are not used for reproduction. This makes the present report an important contribution, because in cases in which the lesions present a distal disposition and the penile exposure is small, stallions have a chance of maintaining reproductive function after surgery, even with a long period of evolution before surgical treatment. This was demonstrated in the present case, as the animal in this case later impregnated a mare, with the pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound examination. Partial penectomy is a resolution technique for cases of traumatic paraphimosis, in which exuberant granulation tissue is formed in the distal third of the penis, with a long period of evolution. The surgery can be done in the field, with a low surgical cost to the owner, and a good productive and reproductive prognosis for the animal.Keywords: partial penectomy, paraphimosis, Williams technique, horse.Descritores: penectomia parcial, parafimose, técnica de William, equino.Título: Penectomia em equino com parafimose

Management of a Congenital Flexural Deformity in a Calf - Surgical and Pathological Aspects

Background: Flexural deformities are anatomical deviations, in varying degrees, of one or more joints, and may have a congenital or acquired origin. Congenital contracture of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) affects newborn calves and results in hyperflexion of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, which in severe cases means that the animal must support its own weight on its fetlock joints. The aim of this study is to report the rapid and successful result of applying bilateral total tenotomy technique on a newborn bovine that had been diagnosed with severe bilateral DDFT contracture in the thoracic limbs.Case: A 3-week-old male bovine with a history of difficulty in maintaining a quadrupedal position was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Tocantins. The animal had severe bilateral locomotor alterations in the thoracic members to the point that he walked on his fetlock joints. The physical examination revealed clinical parameters within the normal range. However, the locomotor system examination showed severe flexor deformity in the bilateral metacarpal-phalangeal joints, and the limbs were being supported on the dorsal face of the fetlock joints, which presented ulcerations, and was suggestive of a shortening of the DDFT. Based on the patient's history and clinical examination, as well as the severity of the tendon contractures, surgical treatment using the DDFT bilateral total tenotomy technique was decided upon. Postoperative treatment consisted of 2.5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin intramuscularly (IM), SID, for 5 days and 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam via IM, SID, for 3 days; as well as a dressing (cotton, medical bandage and a PVC mold) on the thoracic limbs to provide support and allow the animal to walk, until its complete recovery. One day after the surgery, the animal was able to walk with difficulty and some trembling; however, on the third day after the surgical procedure, it could stand up by itself, walk and graze normally. The surgical stitches were removed seven days after the operation, as the surgical wounds had healed adequately. The animal was followed-up for a one-month period after the total tenotomy, with no recurrence of any of the clinical signs, and the thoracic limbs had regained normal biomechanics.Discussion: Congenital flexural deformities are common in newborn calves of different breeds and their incidence is mainly in the thoracic limbs, especially in the carpal, distal interphalangeal and metacarpal-phalangeal joints as was reported in the animal in this study. The history and anamnesis of the animal, along with a thorough physical examination, in order to rule out any other congenital alterations, was extremely important in the diagnosis, and the classification of the severity of the deformity along with the choice of appropriate treatment in the present study. Although total tenotomy is rarely reported in the literature, and there are controversial results with calves, the surgical treatment was chosen in the present case due to the severity of the case. The DDFT bilateral total tenotomy surgical technique gave satisfactory results for the correction of severe bilateral flexor deformity in the thoracic limbs of the newborn crossbred calf. Complete recovery of the limb biomechanics was rapid, and there was no post-surgical complications, thus ensuring the animal could have a good and healthy life. Total DDFT tenotomy is considered a viable surgical procedure for calves with severe congenital flexor deformities; however, post-operative care is also important to ensure good final results

Atresia Ani (Imperforated Anus) in Calves: Clinical, Surgical and Pathological Aspects

Background: Anal atresia is a congenital malformation, which often affects calves, and is related to the imperforation of the membrane that separates the endoderm of the posterior intestine from the ectodermal anal membrane. It is commonly associated with other congenital malformations and skeletal anomalies. The clinical signs generally appear in the first days of the animal's life, due to a retention of feces. The diagnosis is clinical and is based on observation, anamnesis and a physical examination of the animal. The only viable treatment is surgical. This paper aims to report 6 cases of anal atresia in bovine calves, 4 males and 2 females that were successfully treated surgically. Cases: This work reports 6 cases of anal atresia in 4 male calves and 2 female calves. Three presented total atresia (type II), one partial (type I) and in both female calves, anal atresia and rectovaginal fistula (type IV) were observed. The animals were all of undefined race. Five of the cases were from northern Tocantins, 4 males and 1 female (anal atresia with rectovaginal fistula), and 1 female (anal atresia with rectovaginal fistula) was from Valença, RJ. All animals were born active, by eutocic/natural birth, and assumed a quadrupedal position followed by the first feeding as normal. They were aged between 2 days and 6 months, and had a clinical history of abdominal distention and difficulty or inability defecating, and the females both also had a rectovaginal fistula, all cases compatible with anal atresia. Based on the patient's history and clinical examination, surgical treatment for anal reconstruction was decided upon. Postoperative treatment consisted of enrofloxacin [2.5 mg/kg - intramuscularly (IM), once daily (SID), for 5 days] and fluxinin meglumine [1.1 mg/kg - IM, SID, for 3 days] ; as well as a healing ointment which was applied to the area of the surgical wound, every 12 h, for 7 days. There were no trans-surgical complications. The animals showed progressive recovery after anal reconstruction and the stitches were removed in all cases on the 10th postoperative day, with no postoperative complications and no recurrence of any clinical signs from that moment on.Discussion: The study of congenital and hereditary changes enables the identification of their origins, can help prevent new cases and, some of them, are open to economically viable treatment and/or correction that can improve the well-being of the animal and prevent economic losses due to death or animal sacrifice, as reported in the present study. Anal atresia is the most common congenital defect of the lower gastrointestinal tract in calves, being an isolated abnormality, or associated with other malformations, especially of the distal spinal column such as the absence of a tail (perosumus acaudato), as one of the animals in this study. The clinical signs and physical examination are sufficient to establish the diagnosis, as demonstrated in this report, which is usually made in newborn animals, due to the lack or difficulty in defecation associated with no anal orifice and/or swelling in the perineal region. The treatment of choice for anal atresia is surgical, in order to construct an anal neo-orifice and thus avoid endotoxemic shock as well as providing relief and well-being for the animals. As observed in this study, when anal atresia is diagnosed early, and surgical treatment is properly instituted, the prognosis is favorable. The surgery is considered of low complexity, quick and it can be carried out in the field. Thus, from a commercial point of view, considering the costs of the procedures and the value of the calf at the end of weaning, such treatments are beneficial to the owners. In addition, the surgical treatment is essential for animal health and welfare in cases of anal atresia.Keywords: cattle, congenital defects, hereditary pathology, perosomus acaudato, surgery

Reversible Techniques of Ruffian in Sheep (Ovis aires)

Background: The use of teaser rams is an essential practice for detecting estrus in ewes as well as for accelerating puberty and synchronizing ovulation in the animal. There are several methods for preparing teasers, and the method used should be based on an assessment of the producer’s requirements. The ideal technique should be low cost and safe, ensuring the non-fertilization of ewes. This study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of two reversible teaser preparation techniques using a reversible plastic clamp. The techniques were compared in terms of functionality, possible post-surgical complications, and hematological changes of the rams as well as durability and reversibility.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve healthy rams, aged 14-20 months, were divided into two groups (G1 and G2). Blood samples were collected through the jugular vein to perform the following analyses: blood count, total plasma protein, and fibrinogen. Following local infiltrative anesthesia with 5.0 mL 2% lidocaine without vasoconstrictor, the procedure was performed as follows: in G1, the preputial ostium was partially closed, and in G2, sigmoid flexure was performed in the cranial region, approximately 5-8 cm immediately caudal to the scrotal sac. In the postoperative period, 20 mg/kg oxytetracycline and 2.2 mg/kg flunixinmeglumine were intramuscularly administered as a single dose. The wounds were dressed, sprayed with repellent, and allowed to heal for seven days. The procedures in both groups were simple to perform, low cost, and low risk; caused minimal tissue injury; enabled rapid recovery; promoted little or no stress to the animals; are reversible; and left no complications. The animals of both groups satisfactorily identified the females in estrus during the three-month experimental period, maintained libido, and failed to mate with any female. The blood count levels remained within normal range in both groups evaluated at different time intervals. Hyperfibrinogenemia was observed in four animals of G1 and in three animals of G2 at T2, with a mean level of 600 mg/dL. However, the values returned to normal at T3 in both G1 and G2, when the mean observed fibrinogen level was 400 mg/dL.Discussion: Since these are simple, rapid procedures with low tissue injury and a simple anesthetic protocol, the animals showed rapid recovery, without intra or postoperative complications, enabling the immediate initiation of work. The techniques, therefore, demonstrate several advantages over the other techniques described above. It is estimated that the techniques used in this study are more economically viable than other techniques described in the literature, which require medium to high complexity procedures and long postoperative treatments and carry the risk of affecting the animal’s libido, making the animal unviable and more liable to be disposed. However, disposing of such animals represents great losses, as it interferes with the reproductive management and pregnancy of several females on the farm. In addition, the conventional techniques are irreversible, which means that these animals cannot be used for other purposes. The reversible techniques presented in this study allowed the teasers to successfully identify females in heat without mating with them because there was no exteriorization of the penis. The results of the blood count confirm that the procedures did not generate extensive tissue lesions, stress, pain, inflammation, or infection

INTOXICAÇÃO ESPONTÂNEA POR Combretum glaucocarpum Mart. [sin.: Thiloa glaucocarpa (Mart.) Eichler] (Combretaceae) EM BOVINOS

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever, pela primeira vez no Estado do Tocantins, as características epidemiológicas, clínicas e patológicas de um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Combretum glaucocarpa em bovinos. De um lote de 200 bovinos acessíveis à planta, 70 animais chegaram a óbito. Os sinais observados foram edema na região posterior da coxa e inguinal, períneo, escroto e ventre do abdômen, tórax e barbela; fezes escuras e fétidas; emagrecimento e pêlos ásperos. O curso clínico variou de 3 a 20 dias. As concentrações séricas de ureia e creatinina e as atividades séricas de alanino-aminotransferase e aspartato-aminotransferase estavam elevadas nos dez animais avaliados. As lesões observadas foram grande quantidade de transudato na cavidade abdominal, tórax e saco pericárdico. Notou-se edema na bexiga, tecidos perirenais e na subserosa da vesícula biliar, junto à sua inserção com o fígado. Este estava aumentado, com bordos arredondados, congesto e azulado. Petéquias e equimoses foram observadas no epicárdio, miocárdio, mucosa da traqueia, omento, serosa do rúmen, vesícula urinária e testículos. Áreas de sufusões foram observadas no encéfalo. Na histopatologia, visualizou-se degeneração hidrópica centrolobular leve no fígado e, no rim, focos de hemorragia na junção corticomedular com degeneração tubular leve. Encontraram-se células epiteliais necróticas e cilindros hialinos em alguns túbulos renais. É a primeira descrição por C. glaucocarpum em bovinos no Tocantins. Palavras-chave: nefrose tubular tóxica; plantas nefrotóxicas; sipaúba; toxicologia

Weight Gain Comparison between Heifers Fed Colostrum or Whole Milk until Weaning

Background: The milk-feeding phase, wherein whole milk is the natural food, is critical to calf development, health, and vitality. However, feeding milk to calves is costly in the rearing system because the milk supplied to calves is not sold. In farms in which the average production is high, excess colostrum and transitional milk are produced that are used to feed calves until weaning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of heifers exclusively fed colostrum (including transitional milk) or raw whole milk.Materials, Methods & Results: Immediately after their birth, 83 ear-tagged healthy Holstein Friesian heifers adequately receiving the initial colostrum were separated into two experimental groups. Group 1 (n = 34) was fed only fresh whole milk and group 2 (n = 49) was fed only colostrum diluted in water at a 2:1 ratio. Colostrum was removed from cows until the fifth day after birth and was stored in sanitized disposable plastic bottles, stored in a freezer at -20°C and before administration, the colostrum was thawed. Liquid diets were administered using a bottle twice a day during the first month, namely 2 L in the morning and 2 L in the afternoon. During the second month, the heifers were fed 4 L once a day in the morning. The heifers had access to an enclosure with fodder, in addition to concentrate specifically for heifers, which was placed in an individual trough daily. The leftovers were weighed at the end of the afternoon. The heifers were abruptly weaned when they reached a daily intake of 1 kg of concentrate. The heifers were individually weighed at birth and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days. The average weights were 40.4, 54.1, 74.5, 95.1, 108.2, and 126.1 kg in group 1 and 45.4, 58.4, 78.2, 95.9, 110.8, and 125.1 kg in group 2. The use of diluted colostrum was satisfactory as it resulted in similar weight gains.Discussion: Feeding milk to calves is one of the most cost-increasing factors to a dairy farm because the total milk volume fed to animals at this stage is not sold and results in a large loss in income for the farmer. Calf management during the milk-feeding phase is of the utmost importance, especially in the first days after birth, to ensure the development of the systemic immune response of animals. The performance of these animals in the first months affects their subsequent development. Whole milk is commonly used to feed calves for 8 to 12 consecutive weeks. However, whole milk can be replaced by a good substitute, such as colostrum and transitional milk. The aim of this study was to show that these substitutes are effective alternatives for calf development and cost reduction. The weight gain of animals fed diluted colostrum was similar to that of animals fed only whole milk, which corroborates the results of previous studies on the development of calves treated with colostrum-based liquid diet, fermented or not, with and without additives. Those studies reported favorable growth rates in comparison with the traditional production system as a result of higher dietary protein levels in colostrum-based diets. The availability of roughages and concentrates should be initiated during the milk-feeding phase, as it is fundamental for rumen development, helps in early weaning and reduces expenses during this period. Replacing whole milk with colostrum and transitional milk for feeding calves, stimulating roughage, and concentrating intake can result in significant savings in the rearing system

Comparação analítica entre resultados da glicemia em bovinos obtidos com glicosímetro portátil vs método enzimático.

Changes in glycemic levels can negatively affect the body. Several techniques for the measurement of blood glucose have been described, but the enzymatic method is considered standard and more accurate in both humans and animals. The College of American Pathologists recommends the use of portable glucometers (PGs), which are routinely used in human medicine because this is an easy, relatively inexpensive method that delivers results quickly. The aim of this study was to compare the results of the measurement of blood glucose in cattle obtained using portable Accu-Check® glucometer with the enzymatic method (EM), which is still considered standard

Locoregional Anesthesia Due to Tumescence in Bilateral Total Mastectomy of Goats

Background: Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland or udder, regardless of its origin, severity, or evolution. Bilateral total mastectomy is indicated in cases of chronic suppurative mastitis, gangrenous mastitis, udder neoplasm or hyperplasia. For mastectomy, the supine position is recommended and, as it is a long-term procedure, general anesthesia was chosen together with the tumescence technique with the objective of transanesthetic and postoperative analgesia. The present report aims to report the general anesthesia protocol used for 2 goats submitted to bilateral total mastectomy associated with a locoregional block by tumescence, a technique not described in the goat species. Cases: Two female goats, mixed breed, approximately 3 years old, were admitted to the Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais (HVGA) of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), with a history of recurrent mastitis. There was an increase in udder volume and the presence of purulent secretion during milking. One of the animals had given birth about 20 days ago. Surgical treatment through bilateral total mastectomy was recommended for both animals, as they did not present a satisfactory response to antimicrobial therapy, excessive enlargement and functional loss of the mammary system. For the procedure, food fasting for 48 h and water fasting for 24 h was established. The anesthetic protocols used consisted of previous sedation with xylazine¹ [Xilazin® - 0.05 mg/kg, IM] anesthetic induction with ketamine² [Ketalex® - 10 mg/kg, IV] and midazolam³ [Dormire® - 0.1 mg/kg, IV]. Orotracheal intubation and connection to the anesthetic circuit were performed for maintenance through inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane4 (Forane®) and oxygen therapy. Then, in bottle of lactated ringer's solution5 [Linhamax® - 500 mL], lidocaine 2%6 without vasoconstrictor [Lidovet® - 40 mL] and adrenaline7 [Adren® - 25 mg/mL, 0.5 mL] were added, 10 mL/kg of the solution were injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the region of the mammary chains utilizing a Klein cannula after local antisepsis. After the administration of the tumescent solution, it was observed that the area involved is presented with the formation of a gel and there is minimal bleeding, compared to the conventional technique. The animals were monitored for the degree of analgesia, recording vital signs every 15 min at the end of the surgery, dipyrone9 [D-500® - 25 mg/kg, IV], morphine7 [Sulfato de Morfina® - 0.1 mg/kg, SC], and meloxicam10 [Maxican® 0.5 mg/kg, IM, 3 consecutive days] for postoperative analgesia. Additionally, tetanus serum1 [Vencosat® - 50,000 IU, single dose] and of oxytetracycline¹ [Oxitetraciclina LA® - 10 mg/kg, IM, 5 applications on alternate days)]. In the following 24 h, no signs of pain were observed on palpation of the surgical wound in the animals, but goat 1 was apathetic and inappetent, with improvement in the clinical picture only 48 h after surgery. Discussion: The choice of the surgical procedure resulted in an improvement in the clinical conditions of the animals and the anesthetic protocol using inhalation anesthesia and locoregional block (tumescence) proved to be efficient to perform in goats, contributing to transanesthetic and postoperative analgesia, being easily applied to ruminants that need surgical interventions in the region of mammary chains. Keywords: ruminant, mastectomy, local anesthetic, locoregional block.RESUMO Backgrund: Mastite é a inflamação da glândula mamária ou úbe, independentemente de sua origem, severidade ou evolução. A mastectomia total bilateral é indicada em casos de mastite supurativa, mastite gangrenosa crônica, neoplasias ou úbere, é considerada um procedimento seguro, com complicações e eficaz em ruminantes. Para a mastectomia é preconizado o decúbito dorsal e por ser um procedimento de longa duração optou-se pela anestesia geral de forma conjunta a técnica de tumescência com objetivo de analgesia transanestésica e pós-operatória. O presente relator o protocolo de geral utilizado para dois caprinos especificados a mastectomia total bilateral associado a bloqueio locorregional por tumescência, técnica não objetivo descrito na espécie caprina. Caso:Duas fêmeas caprinas, sem raça definida, e aproximadamente 3 anos de idade deram entrada no Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (HVGA/UFRRJ), com o histórico de mastite recorrente. Verificou-se aumento de volume do úbere e presença de secreção purulenta durante a ordenha. Um dos animais havia parido há cerca de 20 dias. Preconizou-se o tratamento cirúrgico através da mastectomia total bilateral para ambos animais, por não apresentarem resposta satisfatória a antibioticoterapia, aumento excessivo e perda funcional do aparelho mamário. Para o procedimento foi estabelecido jejum alimentar de 48 horas e hídrico de 24 horas. Os protocolos anestésicos utilizados consistiram em sedação prévia com 0,05 mg/kg de xilazina 2% pela via intramuscular, indução anestésica com 10 mg/kg de cetamina e 0,1 mg/kg de midazolam ambos por via intravenosa. Realizou-se a intubação orotraqueal e conexão ao circuito anestésico para manutenção através de anestesia inalatória com isoflurano e oxigenioterapia. Em seguida em um frasco de solução ringer com lactato de 500 ml, acrescentou-se 40 ml de lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor e 0,5 ml de adrenalina 0,25mg/ml, 10 ml/kg da solução foram injetados no tecido subcutâneo da região das cadeias mamárias por meio de uma cânula de Klein após devida antissepsia local. Após a administração da solução tumescente observa-se que a área abrangida se apresenta com a formação de um gel e há ocorrência de sangramento mínimo, comparada com a técnica convencional. Os animais foram monitorados quanto ao grau de analgesia com registro dos sinais vitais a cada 15 minutos, ao término da cirurgia administrou-se 25mg/kg de dipirona, 0,1 mg/kg de morfina e 0,5 mg/kg de meloxicam para analgesia pós-operatória. Adicionalmente foi administrado 50.000 U.I. de soro antitetânico (dose única) e 10 mg/kg de oxitetraciclina, ambos por via intramuscular. Nas 24 horas seguintes não foram observados sinais dor à palpação da ferida cirúrgica nos animais, porém o caprino 1 apresentou-se apático e inapetente, com melhora no quadro clínico somente com 48 horas após a cirurgia. Discussion: A escolha da conduta cirúrgica resultou na melhora das condições clínicas dos animais e o protocolo anestésico utilizando a anestesia inalatória e o bloqueio locorregional (tumescência) mostrou-se eficiente para a realização na espécie caprina, contribuindo para a analgesia transanestésica e pós-operatória, sendo facilmente aplicado para ruminantes que necessitem de intervenções cirúrgicas em região de cadeias mamárias

Equine Pasture Asthma in Brazil

Background: Summer Pasture Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (SPAOPD), or Equine Pasture Asthma (EPA), as termed by Ferrari et al. [17], has been described as an environmentally-induced respiratory disease that occurs during the warmer and more humid months, leading to reversible airway obstruction, persistent and non-specific airway hyper-responsiveness, and chronic neutrophilic airway inflammation. Exacerbation of clinical signs vary according to warm seasons, and range from mild to severe episodes of wheezing, coughing, and laboured breathing in a chronic state that is debilitating for the equine [4]. This report describes two cases of Equine Pasture Asthma that show clinical and environmental similarities with Summer Pasture Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Case: The patients were crossbreed geldings that have never been stabled and were used for cattle management in a farm in southeastern Brazil. They presented poor performance and a persistent cough for over 3 years. Initially, the respiratory signs were only observed after exercise but, over the years, it gradually progressed to being observed when the horses were at rest. Both animals had a history of regular deworming and were previously treated by other veterinarians with antibiotics, clenbuterol, and mucokinetics. Little improvement was noticed by the owner and the signs returned over time as treatment was often discontinued. Clinical findings were compatible with the grade 3 mucus classification of Gerber et al. [18] as well as with score 2 for Severe Asthma of Davis and Sheats [13]. BALF cytology was done following the technique described by Couetil et al. [10]. Animal 1 presented slides with free yeast; macrophages and mucus with Curschmann’s spiral and counting of 29,7% of neutrophils (NE), 43,7% of lymphocytes (LP), 25,3% of macrophages (MC) and 1,3% of eosinophils (EO). Animal 2 presented slides with phagocytized yeast, mucus and counting of 27% of NE, 38,5% of LP, 33% of MC and 1,5% of EO.Discussion: Diagnostic findings fit the clinical score 2 (from 0 to 3) for Severe Asthma [13], where the animal presented frequent cough with periods of no coughing, nostrils flares in inspiration and exhalation, obvious abdominal flattening and “heave line”, pulmonary auscultation with crackles, and scarce mucous nasal discharge. The cytological findings of our reported cases also falls within the Severe Asthma classification [13], when the specific counting of 300 cells is equivalent to ≥20% of neutrophils on BALF analysis and the animal present increase in respiratory rate/effort at rest. Similar counts were found by Costa et al. [9] counting 200 cells, Rossi et al. [28] also counting 300 cells, and Couetil and Thompson [11] counting 5 fields (of at least 100 cells) on a cytocentrifuge smear. The present report took place in a region of the Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil, which shows predisposing climatic characteristics similar to those described in previous SPAOPD reports. Yet, this very climate remains somewhat constant throughout the year, as seasonality in the Rio de Janeiro State is not as marked as in the Northern Hemisphere. Given this contrasting aspect, we believe that the term Equine Pasture Asthma, instead of SPAOPD, is more appropriate to describe the cases presented here. Also, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented description in Brazil of Equine Pasture Asthma in animals that were never stabled or fed with hay. This documented evidence of a chronic respiratory condition consistent with Equine Pasture Asthma but little related to seasonal changes presents as a warning to other possible cases that might be unnoticed in equine herds in Brazil and in similar climates